Environment Preferences of Woodlice: An Experiment

Environ custodyt Preferences of Woodlice An Experi custodytDo Woodlice pick demote or dry environwork forcets?Woodlice atomic number 18 commonly mistaken for insects. Although they tend to survive in woodland argonas, Woodlice closest relatives ar actu tot exclusivelyyy Crabs, Shrimp and Lobsters, with all 4 belonging to Kingdom Crustacea (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). Crustaceans characteristically get in aquatic or damp habitats. They contribute cephalothoraxes and lack a water proof exoskeleton (Kent, 2000). Due to their exoskeleton non organism waterproof, dry environments are severeness for woodlice (Kent, 2000). Water stooge be lost from their bodies via transpiration leaving them very vulnerable to desiccation (Anselme, 2013).Their size would indicate that transpiration can occur very quickly, preventing them from venturing very farther from their usual damp habitat.They are terrestrial arthropods but are thought to have ev olved from sea dwelling animals such as a Trilobite (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14).Most crustaceans breathe via gills, and wherefore convey to constantly be close to water sources in order to breathe (Pond, 1990). It can therefore be deduced that woodlice (as crustaceans) need to keep close to water sources in order to survive.Woodlice are actually nocturnal, emerging at night to feed and socialise (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). They molting byout their growth, and at the point of the actual moult they are very vulnerable, separate woodlice give actively fight over a freshly moulted slater until virtuoso wins and consumes it (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14).The draw a bead on of this experiment is to find out if woodlice prefer damp or dry environments. The woodlice result be introduced into choice domiciliate which are half damp and half dry and all ocated a period of time before counting how many a(prenominal) have harmonized in separately area. The damp area will be made damp via tap water as woodlice are sensitive to pH (Souty-Grosset et al, 2005).Anselme, 2013 stated that woodlice seemed to re principal(prenominal) profligate in environments that it was deemed to favour. on that pointfore, this experiment will rely on the woodlice immobilising within a set period of time (10 minutes) before collecting the results.Woodlice are knget as decomposers (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). Everything decays and decomposes faster in damp areas, and although there is a lot of evidence that woodlice require the damp to breathe, it may also be man hop onable that they associate damp areas with food sources and so collection a preference for damp environments.The hypothesis is Woodlice prefer damp to dry environments.Materials and Methods10 WoodliceChoice bedroom with gauzeWet and dry kitche n rollPot to collect woodlice inStop stick with10 woodlice were located in a nearby woodland area and placed into the collection pot ready to transport.The choice sleeping room was accordingly set up. Using the divided areas of the choice chamber, half the chamber was modify with damp kitchen roll and the separate half with dry kitchen roll. The gauze was then placed on top of the kitchen roll and finally the lid was put on the top. The 10 woodlice were subsequently introduced to the middle of the choice chamber.They were then timed and observed for 10 minutes before being counted in their final locations.This experiment was then repeated under exactly the same conditions and to a greater extent results were collected.A control experiment was then performed to ensure that the woodlice were non warpd by opposite factors when choosing their area to settle within the choice chamber.ResultsIn the first experiment, after the allocated 10 minutes, 1 woodlo enforce became still in the dry area, the remaining 9 settled in the damp area.In the second experiment 2, after the allocated 10 minutes, 2 woodlice settled in the dry area and 8 were found in the damp area.In the control experiment, the sample woodlice were allocated the same 10 minutes in order to chose where to settle. 6 woodlice stopped in one half of the choice chamber and 4 in the other.DiscussionThe results are instead clear the majority of the sample woodlice chose to reside in the damp area of the choice chamber in both experiment one and experiment two. The control experiment showed that the woodlice preference was purely based on the variables of the experiment.It is possible that less woodlice went to the damp side in the second experiment due to becoming saturated with water so sought out dryer areas to dry out (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). To repress this prompting the results, the woodlice could have been given more time between experiments.It was unclear whether the woodlice sample contained contrasting species, and woodlice ability to survive for longer in dryer areas depends on the amount of gills they have (www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/woodlice_info.pdf accessed 10/10/14). The species of the sample was unknown, although after viewing some diagrams, it was suspected to be Porcellio Scaber (McGavin, 2000). Further research could compare antithetic species and their preferences of environments.The woodlice all seemed to settle and require still after around 4 minutes of exploring their new surroundings. Their settling was taken as a sign on their preference of area (Anselme 2013).Although it did seem the exploration of the choice chamber was hit-or-miss, during experiment 1 a smaller woodlouse actually mounted a larger woodlouse. Its fate was therefore dependent on the choices of its carrier, not its own. This may have affected the validity of the results.The sample size was very small, which makes the experi ments results very limited and therefore a repeat of this experiment would require a larger sample group to collect more varied, accurate results.The amount of water used to make the damp side was not regulated. In order to keep things the same, the water should have been measured and the exact same amount of paper towel should have been used each time.The experiment could be repeated several times in order to urinate out a more accurate average out choice of the woodlouse.The control experiment should have been performed first so there was no chance the sample had associated a side of the choice chamber with a certain variable.A choice chamber is an effective way of finding preference however it was not a realistic animateness environment. Damp and ironical soil could have given more reliable, realistic results as it imitates the environment the sample were found in.The sample woodlice were all collected from the same area. These woodlice were already living in damp conditions , which was a good indicator as to their preferred habitat. The sample could have been collected from different habitats to prove that given the choice, all woodlice prefer a damper environment.It can be concluded that, on average, the woodlice sample chose to settle in the damp environment than the dry environment, as was hypothesised.REFERENCESANSELME, P. (2013) Preference for copious, random tactile stimulation in woodlice. Learning and motivation. (44), 326 336BADENHAUSSER, I. SOUTY-GROSSET, C. REYNOLDS, J.D. MOREL, A. (2005) Investigations on the potential of woodlice as bioindicators of grassland habitat quality. European Journal of Soil Biology 41, 109116KENT, M. (2000) Advanced Biology. Oxford Oxford university press. summon 488-489MCGAVIN, G.C. (2000) Insects, spiders and other terrestrial arthropods. London Dorling Kindersley ltd. Page 212POND, C.M. (1990) Biology form and function Diversity of Organisms. Kent Hodder and Stoughton. Page 95Sylvanus Archaeological, Natu ral History Illustration Servicesonline Welcome to the Weird and wonderful World of Woodlice Norwich. Available from http//www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/Woodlice_Info.pdf accessed 10/10/14BIBLIOGRAPHYANSELME, P. (2013) Preference for rich, random tactile stimulation in woodlice. Learning and motivation. (44), 326 336SPENCER, J.O. and EDNEY, E.B. (1954) The absorption of water by woodlice. Birmingham UniversityZoology subdivisionSylvanus Archaeological, Natural History Illustration Servicesonline Welcome to the Weird and Wonderful World of Woodlice Norwich. Available from http//www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/Woodlice_Info.pdf accessed 10/10/14POND, C.M. (1990) Biology form and function Diversity of Organisms. Kent Hodder and Stoughton. Page 95McGavin, G.C. (2000) Insects, spiders and other terrestrial arthropods. London Dorling Kindersley ltd. Page 212Kent M. (2000) Advanced Biology. Oxford Oxford university press. Page 488-489Impact of Art Nouveau Influences on Interi or DesignImpact of Art Nouveau Influences on Interior DesignMy proposal will demonstrates that Art Nouveau was an artistic movement that took different directions in each country, how does this art movement changes the place of the world and affect all forms of visual culture. Furthermore, the impacts it has on architectures and interior visualize in the Art Nouveau movement. I will also demonstrates a New York architect whos work has yoke to my origination practice as inspiration.I was interested in Hector Guimards historic and refined architectures inspired me a lot, in particular the Paris metro station. I like the dazzling virtuosity of wrought ironwork, as well as the floral foundations and the unique letterform that was applied on the Paris metro entrance. Besides, the silhouettes of the metro entrance were symmetric and it was designed to catch the eye and the surface decorations are elegant. He employs endless wealth of nature forms in architecture. Guimard architectur es are essentially characterized for the naturalistic ornamentation and cultivate design based on plant, his design idea is borrowed from nature and subsequently translates the contour of nature into architecture. I particularly like his bold use of materials and colour, such as the vibrant green he apply on the Paris metro entrance.In my own design practice, Hector Guimards architectures have an impact on my design in terms of the highly detailed surface ornamentation on architectures, the bold colour and distinctive show upance of his historic architectures have inspired me in my design where historical and contemporary design are incorporated into one design. On the other side, I found that the Art Nouveau glasswork, architectures and interior design have truly inspired me a lot on detailed nonfunctional designs and the use of plants as ornaments for interior decoration. The rich colours of Art Nouveau glassware have combined the beauty in nature and this is one of the reason I love everything that was produced during this art movement. The motif in my design practice encompasses all the characteristics of Art Nouveau, comprising the inspiration are derived from plants forms and the decorative surface.This make very clearly and thoroughly discusses how elements of Art Nouveau were absorbed into Art Deco after the World War I and how Art Nouveau styles of tile-making have been revived in the 1980s and 1990s. The book is very useful in determining why this was so and demonstrating the cultural significance this symbol of decoration had at the time. Verbrugge gives a detailed explanation of Art Nouveau was an attempt to give a new direction to nineteenth century art, architecture and design and to replace the prevailing historical style at the time. Additionally, the book also looks at how architects incorporate Art Nouveau ceramic decorations in buildings.This book demonstrates the many ship canal in which furniture not only offered Art Nouveau designer s the opportunity to use their favourite sinuous curves and floral decorations, but also gave them free rein to deal variety of woods and other materials to obtain different effect in order to decorate a space in Art Nouveau style. In add-on to thorough written and illustrated instances of their use, the book shows the diversity of Art Nouveau furniture that they are characterized by their charm for ornamentation. It also discusses why Art Nouveau furniture was elaborately modify in the nineteenth and twenty century interior and discusses their meanings in the interior. It further goes on to detail on the sources that inspired designers in decorating the interior with Art Nouveau furniture.The book explores chairs and desks were adorned by elaborately distinctive styles of ornate, sinuous shape and natural curves of design. Duncan also looks at Art Nouveau furniture designers prefer is use a roomy range of wood. Pale wood comprise teak, ash and maple. While dark woods were walnu t, rosewood and mahogany. Mahogany has dark grain surface, it varnished repeatedly until it acquired a rich chocolate-brown hue, imparted a feeling of wealth. In addition, the characteristics of Art Nouveau furniture are their simplicity of line, richness of material and sobriety of decoration.This book offers a wide invent on material which it has quite obviously played an important case in Art Nouveau glass. Ricke has discusses why Art Nouveau glass is not just a material for vessels but also for works that are so close to sculpture. This is relevant to my interests in the unique and distinctive design on Art Nouveau glassware. Ricke explains when various layers and colours, deep intaglio cutting and engraving are employed on glass, it make the glass looks more distinctive effect. Besides, he aslo discusses painting on glassware is very similar of paint on wall in certain aspects.Beckers book historically locates Art Nouvea treasures took on strange unprecedented characteristi cs moreover, the dramatic symbolic representation of themes and motifs in Art Nouveau jewels. Besides, she has also referred the main principle of Art Nouveau proposed that the aim of art was to suggest reality. Becker discusses why the Art Nouveau jewels reflect the century at the time. It chronicles the type of women is the theme for many Art Nouveau jewel designers at the time and this theme reflected in many portrayals of women in the jewels. Insects, animals, plants, nature and birds are the fantasy creature as well as greatly loved motifs in Art Nouiveau jewelry, specially the dragonfly and butterfly they were used in endless variations. Wriggling marine plants, ripple hair and the natural curves of the fe puppylike-begetting(prenominal) form are the inspirations for Art Nouveau jewelry designers. The decorative floral motifs can also being seen in Art Nouveau jewelry. They all dominant theme of Art Nouveau jewelry. Furthermore, Art Nouveau motif was extensively used in jew elry for a reason of harmony in biography and art. jewellery designer has put emphasise on aesthetic to the jewelry design and the femininity that employ a powerful fascinate during the Art Nouveau movement conveyed through with(predicate) the most feminine of ornaments. This book provides an excellent contextual overview for considering how Art Nouveau jewel designers express the new spirit of the art with special emphasis on the decorative element in jewel design. The book discusses questions about jewelry was the most intense expression of the Art Nouiveau movement. It reviews the nature of Art Nouveau style suited the purpose of jewelry as adornment to feminine beauty. Wealthy family who are passiobate about their plants was uncontrollable over their jewels and how they turned the natural flowers into jewels and diamonds to be transformed into flowers are further topics in this book. Becker explains the reality of nature in Art Nouveau jewelry design demonstrates jewel design ers keen observation of the structure of and composition of plants. The book is useful because it mentioned every jewel designers contributed their individual way to their Art Nouveau jewelry design. She has also looks at the international impact on Art Nouveau jewel.Becker explores Art Nouveau jewelry designers study the plant structure and also mentions Art Nouveau jewelry have exquiste charm and deep relationship to nature. Additionally, the most extensive influence on Art Nouveau fashion jewel design came from ancient jewelry. She also gives a detailed explanation of Art Nouveau jewelry had all the vigour and intensity of youth, they are all highly decorative, streamlined and rich in order to create an abstract linear look on jewels.Hyper masculinity And Homo innerity African American refinementHypermasculinity And Homosexuality African American CultureThrough past experience and research, hypermasculinity has led African American culture to be defined as a culture that strong ly fights for their sign of location, and sexual aggressivity and sanction appear to be highly regarded. interrogation has concluded that media and false misinterpretations of hypermasculinity are the main causes, and the strong influences they have are ca apply these dominant, aggressive and demanding behaviours. Research has been done through ain interviews, field work and observation. Perhaps present and previous research is showing a better understanding for many cultures as to why African American men display certain characteristics, in which demonstrate power and control. Furthermore studies are creating awareness for society, although they are not justifying these behaviours as being acceptable.IntroductionLife grueling situations are brought upon us every day as we walk out the prior door, into the bus or into the front doors of school. Growing up in todays society and conforming to various norms, determine and behaviours in which one witnesses, is traumatic and time consuming amongst young men and women, particularly young African American men. Gender roles and societies expectation are presented at such a young age, this jumper lead to pressure and unjustified behaviours, such as drug trafficking, prostitution and pimping. Within African American society, gender roles are depicted precisely and followed. Various different ethnic groups live in different parts of the world, but the status of vitriolic males in American society has been in flux for the last several decades (Lips 2001, p.5). The reasons why all these groups must show status is to prove their images of what it means to be masculine. Sentimental, submissive and superstitious (Lips, 2001, p.5) are qualities associated with females in every country. On the other hand males are more apparent to be connected to characteristics resembling dominance, forcefulness and strength (Lips, 2001, p.5). In a variety of pelvic arch Hop, Rap music video clips, the images being portrayed of ho w young men must behave always consists of the same factors dominance, power, aggressivity and the tough guy. The question of how hypermasculinity is defined in African American culture and why sexual aggressivity and dominance appear to be highly regarded within this culture, has been an ideology for many. Despite false interpretation that the media portrays, and the pressure of role models and real men, the sideline paper will examine the main points and answers to these questions. Furthermore it will observe the use of the term nigga and gansta from an open minded point of view.Hypermasculinity defined and expressedHypermasculinity is an extremely important sign of status for black males. Hypermasculinity is defined in the (Oxford Dictionary) as an exaggerated masculine qualities, although this term can be negative, it is also personalized when examining these behaviours as admitive or maladaptive impassively. The term gansta for example comes from the word gangster, which mea ns a criminal who is a part of a gang who would want to be viewed as a criminal. The other term lots miss used, is the word pimp. A pimp, is an agent for prostitutes who lives off their earnings (Oxford Dictionary). now pimp is being used to refer to guys who sleep with many girls, or the ones who can pick up any girl they want. Where will society draw the line, and who comes to decide whether one corresponds to the definition of a man an vainglorious human male, sometimes also used to identify a male human regardless of age, as in phrases such as mens rights (Oxford Dictionary).DeReef examines African American behaviour and defines masculinity to the degree where a male is able to successfully manifest their attributes (DeReef, F. J. 2006, p.46). These behaviours are being shown in different ways where males are modifying or distorting their real behaviours in order to conform into society, as to what seems to be correctly acceptable. Over a long period of time until today black supreme masculinity has been a dysfunctional response to solving racial domination and has been causing more problems within the environment. In other words black imperative behaviours is an ideology composed of African consciousness, in which has created a reactionary masculinity in many African American males who seek to imitate their vacuous male counterparts (DeReef, F.J. 2006, p. 47). According to Wolfe African American males strongly believe it is hard to achieve masculine identity through usual work or responsibilities. They are justifying their behaviours through assumptions in which they believe that they are the only ones who must work hard and have responsibilities in order to achieve masculine identity. Maladaptive hypermasculine behaviours such as drug trafficking, or being a pimp are the ones being justified because there is not enough employment opportunities given to black men. There has been a correlation between joblessness and higher(prenominal) incidence of v arious maladaptive behaviours.Hypersexuality and homophobiaBlack males, curiously young men are so afraid to be referred to as wimps, or homos, that they have even created the term no homo (Masculinity, homophobia and Hip Hop, n.d ),. The term No homo must be said at the end of each sentence, in order for people not to think they sound gay, or they said something gay. During an interview regarding the term no homo, males claimed not to be reinforcing that their not gay because they know theyre not, but they are just making sure that when they speak others dont assume theyre gay. Homophobia is a big issue that has aroused and has engender serious within the generation today. Elijah G.Ward, discusses how the black churches are also encouraging homophobia amongst black males and most of the time those who are against homosexuality are uncertain of their own sexuality and fear that they will be categorised as a partnership. This strongly emphasizes their powerful beliefs that heteros exuality is the right way. Many cultures do not affirm homosexuality, a significant amount of black people according to Elijah G. Ward, see homosexual relationships as unacceptable and morality wrong p.494. In the black community a famous gansta-rapper Ice Cube has implanted in one of his famous songs true niggers aint gay (Ward, G.E .2005, p. 497). Homosexuality is seen to be a sign of failing and is associated with feminine characteristics, these also encouraging labels towards men such as fags or queers. The black church strongly enforces that homosexuality is not what a man is and a man should be scarlet, demanding and have control. Their main priorities are their labels and they pay close attention, not to be called sissies which is the opposite of being cool. They want to portray that hard centre of attention gansta rapper role model who is an intensified, black male cultural reflection of patriarchy, sexism, hetorosexism and gansta-style (Ward, G. E. 2005, p. 497).Violent behaviours and ganstaThroughout history, the black population have undergone several changes some harder to adapt to then others. The main issue with behaviours constantly changing and deflexion sometimes being accepted, is when you adapt to an aggressive dominant behaviour you dont want to let go of that control you have obtained. A problem which has occurred and is important to understand is to know the difference between, understanding what you have been told and believing and making your own judgements accordingly if it is right. For example in the black society it is a sign of status, to sleep with as many women as possible. William, A. Wolfe, summarize in their article that it is right to deceive a girl in order to have sex with her (Wiliam, A. Wolfe 2003, p 848) and that they dont believe in the use of the condom for a simple reason that they would be undermining their masculinity (Wiliam, A. Wolfe 2003, p. 848).Black males have been socialized into using their penis as a way to achieve manhood. Different expectations within a culture or society and how values have changed over time. This has also caused many African American women to fear their partners, and studies say that a woman has been in an abusive relationship is more likely not to speak up and fight her partner. In regards to sexuality and power the black African American society believes that when sexual antagonism exists in a relationship (Wiliam, A. Wolfe 2003, p. 848 ), this shows violence is involved therefore he is a man concluding violence is manly. Adolescent black males are also accounted for having a higher victimization rate than any other racial or age group (Gregory,S. 2007, p 371). African American women compare to their counter parts are the ones to usually get involved in abusive relationships and stay quiet due to their surroundings and or an abusive father. African American women are more vulnerable and listen to their partners when they use aggressive behaviours. This also brings out statistics which show that over fifty percent of babies are born to minor females, fathered by African American men. They also show that the father is usually on average 26.1 geezerhood older (Wiliam, A. Wolfe 2003, p. 849.From this one can clearly conclude that a young African American female is no way has interpersonal skills and dominance over her partner to demand the use of a condom.Furthermore, black males are often taught or trained to control their emotions internally towards exercises that stimulate minor frustration, although this does not emphasise the power that long term maladaptive, self destructive and life threatening (Gregory, S. 2007,p.386) consequences have above it all. An infant who is brought up in a dangerous neighbourhood, att finish an unsafe school and dealt with racism is more prone to recognize feelings towards aggression and violence. Black men who have experienced a tragic event of a life threatening situation will want to be prompt if it ever happens again, this is why Gregory, S. discusses the use of carrying of a weapon. In most neighbourhoods today and schools, young teens will not walk around with glossas and use it as an exculpation of security purposes, although in neighbourhoods where there are at least three people getting stabbed every day, these young kids want to feel safe. The college of New island of Jersey evaluated that males are more likely to carry a weapon than females, and a survey in 2007 showed that 27% of boys did carry a weapon (Gregory, S. 2007, p.369). Carrying a knife or a gun is a sign of security, despite its encouragement towards violent behaviours. A weapon stimulates the fight or flight response which is a decision you make when experiencing a dangerous situation. Is the individual going to walk away, or will he make a decision and fight. In a situation where someone is carrying a weapon, almost one hundred percent of the time if they feel secure enough to fight and win, the w eapon is their support and will cause them to partake in this dangerous behaviour. Statistics show that in 1994, gun control accounted for approximately 1,700 Black youths aged ten to nineteen (Gregory, S. 2007, p 368). The following statistics tell us that most of crime is being committed at a young age by youth. Young children are the ones who are victimised, especially in schools in poor neighbourhoods and the fear they experience is unpleasant and it creates an awareness of danger.Hip Hop a justifiable reason leading to hypermasculinityThe third point, if not one of the most influential one in society influencing power, dominance and control is Hip Hop. As a whole Hip Hop has construct a culture for most black African American men and this has brought up a new image of acceptable behaviours and hypermasculinity. Many video clips you watch or lyrics you read are not only full of vulgar language, but its always a battle over a girl, power or insulting someones mother. Rap has cre ated a new lifestyle for young men, and also many role models like Eminem, 50 cent and Tupac. Luxury has also become a big part of status. Many African American men today believe that rap is a way to express their true black life. There are different kinds of rap music, this having an influence on different kind of behaviours that are being acted out in society. Rap is categorised using five different forms. Teacher-rap, nation conscious rap, gansta rap, player/lover rap, porno rap and last religious rap (DeReef,F.J. 2006). These different kinds of rap all influence different ideas from social commitment to struggle, romance, sexual aggressive behaviours and spirituality of Christianity and Islam. It is amazing to listen to a rap song and interpret all these different ideas, and thinks to yourself, how can a young fifteen or sixteen year old kid understand this. What is being said is sometimes due to a personal experience or the rap artist is expressing his feelings and or emotions. Media has shown violence to be a part of masculinity, that it has become a norm and is no longer deviance within society. Statistics show that one in four men will use violence against their partner, and eighty-five percent of murders are being committed by men. As one can witness sexuality, criminality and violence play a strong role as being partners. Hip Hop role models like Lil Wayne display high rates of criminality for young African American men, and also use violence and strength towards sexuality. Young males are being brain washed and influenced in regards to these being the real characteristics of men and its a direct justification for hypermasculine behaviours.Roots of slaveryThe 17th century African American slavery was devastating and today has become a part of history. Slaves were not entitles any equal rights compare to what other had. They were demanded to do hard labour work and were treated with cruelty. Slaves were working ridiculous amount of hours a day and wer ent even treated as human beings.These slaves were being sold as if they were commodities from city to city. Slaves were seen by many as a different class of people in society. Many slaves tried to fights their master although there was not much success as they would be arrested or sent somewhere else. Slavery today plays a role on how society view black males and how they view themselves compare to society.The word niggaThe word nigga is a good example or a word that has different meanings and that has been re-appropriated in society depending on who uses it. The word nigga comes from the word nigger which was originally used to refer to black people. The word was also used in the time of slavery for the black who were trying to escape. Today many African American men use the word amongst each other like ovalbumin people would use the word brother. Although if a white person were to use the word nigger it is seen as insulting and some African American men take it to the extreme of being offended they cleverness even beat someone up. Nigger for the African American culture is a sign of self identity amongst one another and pride. It is a import in time of history and they want to hold onto this. In the 1970 the word nigger was seen as racists, offensive and as early as today it is a word that many will refrain from using.Slavery and hypermasculinityMen have enslaved other men to show their mastery over them, and think it is a weakness to show or express their feelings towards other human beings. Patriarchal masculinity has caused problems that are so complex. Long after legal racial segregation ended ( Lips, 2001, p.2 ), it is still clear how the white society treats Black men. Unless close attention is being payed to little factors which make a difference often Black men are referred to not as men but as boys (Lips, 2001, p.20). Black men lived through times where they were never given the same privileges as white men, and they always had to earn their ma sculinity, most of the time not feeling good about being a man. Black males were always viewed as inferior to other cultures and always had to prove themselves one way or another. They were always stereotypically related to drugs, poverty and violence. Black American youth during the period of black power to Hip Hop, were denied opportunities to exercise their citizenship this having an effect today, they dont want to fall back down beneath everyone. Being denied opportunities, rights and not able to achieve personal goals has stuck with the black society until today. not only is being labelled black a mental damage, but creates physical aggression as well.It seems that an individual who has been constantly emasculated over the years would at least try to conform to the dominant culture in hope of their being some acknowledgment of acceptance. It has been proven throughout society especially in the United States, that growing up as a black male has been a tough process. Being a blac k male is a burden at times because some people see and think of me, and men like me, as menaces to society. The masculinity that has been a part of my life has been one that has been used to oppress others and oppress me (Clifford, A. 2006, and p.4).The status of poverty for African American youth is the one that is the most revealing. In 2001 among all American children under the age of eighteen, the poverty rate was sixteen percent, but it was three times as high for black children 30 percent (Collins, H, P. 2006, p.3). Black youth are the ones who are affected the most by social problems. Increasing employment opportunities for African American males would be ideal, this would give them a better environment, better surroundings and influence them that they are like the rest of the society. This is also why many black males rape, because that act of aggression towards a women is a form of status in which they would use in a workplace which is often not available for them. In oth er words, having the right to work and live a normal life style, will affect them positively. Several African American men have shaped their understandings and realities based on the past and keep exercising those actions. Having a normal life style remains a dream for many black youths living under the age of eighteen. The main problem that touches upon poverty is the ineffectiveness of political strategies that essay to resist it (Collins, H, P. 2006, p.9). The civil rights movement was the primary strategy to solve racial integration, although African American politics are trying new social challenges to recreate old responses. Despite some contactment, African Americans are frustrated because they dont see anything opening up ahead of them and they are still dealing with high unemployment rates. beyond social problems resulting to poverty, unemployment and lack of civil rights, masculinity today is a big part relating to the past. African American societies have developed str ong personalities to prove who they are and what they are capable of. For instance when you look around today, you will see more black males working, neighbourhoods are less poor and opportunities and chances have been and are being given to black communities. Considering that young African American males occupy such a visible position within society, they have demonstrated a nix tolerance for race, nation, gender, age and sexuality (Collins, H, P. 2006). All these different aspects that influenced black men have created the drives towards manhood today. When black men were in slavery they were being lucid around and always given commands comparing that to this new generations they are the ones who are in control, and for the most are the ones giving commands.ConclusionThe issue of hypermasculinity is one that is quite complex and a total solution cannot be found. Research has shown that African American men believe in proving themselves as real men this leading to behaviours in w hich can no longer be controlled. These actions are being tolerated by society today especially for young black males. Sexual aggressivity, dominance and hypermasculinity are highly responded within the culture for a countless amount of reasons. Media is portraying false misinterpretations as to what it means to be masculine, there is always a constant pressure being brought upon black males which enforces violent and controlling behaviours and they are being accepted as normal. Thirdly, African American culture has such a strong influential past of slavery that their culture is looking at society through a different lens.Black male needs to accomplish giving themselves an identity that will cause them to be comfortable with themselves. Ideally black males should critically assess the dominant cultures norm of masculinity instead of reworking the norms to see their social situation. Many black males have failed to see the problem of the dominant cultures norms of masculinity in the ir lives. Society in general has labelled black men as being dangerous, and regardless if you know the person or not before even speaking to many black men they fall into that grade that they are violent, dangerous or a sex maniac. Society has enforced black males to feel this way and cause them to do things in which they shouldnt do. It has caused a mental problem which is hard to erase. In no way do African American men believe they can show weakness, this would mean they are not men. Violence in the media is glorified, and is exposed to children of all ages. Police will not hesitate to use violence against suspects, and these young black males are often the targets of violent behaviours in their neighbourhoods drugs, rape, gang related fights or domestic violence.